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小学生常见心理问题——恐惧
发布日期:2015-05-09 11:23:21 作者:
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">恐惧是指儿童对某事物或特殊环境产生的惧怕、害怕的情绪反应，如对动物、黑暗、社交或某种情境感到害怕。恐惧在儿童的整个发展过程中是一种普遍具有的情绪体验，是儿童对周围环境事件的一种必要的、往往也是健康的反应。但不同年龄的儿童其恐惧的内容也常不一样。恐惧大多会随着年龄的增长和生活经验的丰富而消失，但若对某特定的事物、环境恐惧过度或持续的时间过长，则可能发展成为严重的心理问题。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年段</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face=Calibri> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">恐惧对象</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri>0 </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri> 6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">个月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">身体支持的丧失、大的声音</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri>7 </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri> 12</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">个月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">陌生人、突如其来或冲向身体的物体</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri>1 </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">岁</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">与父母分离、伤害、大小便、陌生人</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri>2 </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">岁</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">噪音、动物、黑暗的房间、与父母分离、大型物体或机器、个人环境的改变</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri>3 </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">岁</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face=Calibri> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">面具、黑暗、动物、与父母分离</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri>4 </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">岁</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face=Calibri> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">与父母分离、动物、黑暗、噪音</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri>5 </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">岁</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face=Calibri> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">动物、“坏人”、黑暗、与父母分离、身体伤害</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri>6 </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">岁</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face=Calibri> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">超自然的东西如鬼怪或巫婆、身体的伤害、打雷和闪电、独自睡觉或独自活动、与父母分离</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri>7 </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri> 8</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">岁</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face=Calibri> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">超自然的东西、黑暗、媒体关注的事件、独自一人、身体受伤</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri>9 </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri> 12</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">岁</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face=Calibri> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">学校的考试和测验、学校里的表现、身体受伤、外貌身材、打雷和闪电、死亡</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">青春期</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face=Calibri> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">人际关系、外貌身材、学校、政治事件、未来、动物、超自然现象、自然灾难、安全</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">（采自</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=Calibri> Klein</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">＆</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=Calibri> Last,1989,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">《儿童异常心理学》，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=Calibri> Eric J Mash </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">等著，暨南大学出版社，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=Calibri> 2004</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">）</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=3><FONT face=Calibri><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri>1 </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">．小学生恐惧的表现</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face=Calibri> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">儿童恐惧的对象多种多样，按其内容可分为三类：第一类，对身体损伤的恐惧，如怕死、怕出血、怕登高、怕打架等；第二类，对自然事件的恐惧，如怕黑暗、怕火、怕小动物、怕电闪雷鸣、怕洪水等；第三类，对社交的恐惧，如怕陌生人、怕上学、怕人多的场合、怕离开父母或家等。小学儿童的恐惧对象也逃不脱以上的三类，但具体而言，主要是指：害怕上学、害怕受伤、害怕电闪雷鸣、害怕火灾洪水等自然灾害、害怕社交、害怕亲人去世。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face=Calibri> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">小学儿童在恐惧时，会出现下列的一些反应：判断力和理解力降低，甚至丧失理智和自控力，同时可能还伴有惊慌、哭闹、回避等的行为反应及心跳加快、呼吸变速、出汗、面色苍白、发抖等的生理反应。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face=Calibri> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">一般而言，儿童的恐惧与儿童身体发育的状况和应对能力有关。随着儿童体力与智力的发展，恐惧会不断地变换。如一岁以内的婴儿，怕巨大的声响、突然的声音、身体失去支撑、生疏的人和事物等；幼儿期的儿童，怕黑暗、动物、想象中的怪物、医生、与亲人分离、受伤等；小学儿童，怕上学、受伤、打雷闪电、自然灾害、亲人分离、社会交往等；青少年，怕受伤、社会交往、死亡、没有同伴等。一般来说，发育过程中出现的恐惧为时短暂，多数恐惧在三个月之内即消失，很少有持续一年以上的，它们几乎不会对儿童将来的行为产生严重的影响。但如果恐惧的表现较为严重而持久，且没有明显的恐惧刺激或原因也惧怕或对该年龄本已不该害怕的事物仍极为害怕，则应该引起注意，这种恐惧已成为一种情感障碍。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri>2 </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">．恐惧的原因</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">引起小学生恐惧的原因很多，但主要是由环境因素所造成的。具体可参考下列四点：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri> 1 </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">）小学生的性格特征。有的儿童本身的性格特征就是：内向，胆小怕事、害羞、孤僻、自主性差、退缩、过分敏感、依赖性强等，如果再遇上一些突发事件或冲击力较强的事件，就极易引发恐惧情绪反应。可见，这种类型的儿童其本身的性格因素就是其恐惧情绪产生的重要潜在因素。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri> 2 </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">）小学生对幼年时暗示引起的恐惧的记忆。在儿童年幼儿时，有些父母为了安抚夜晚他的哭闹，听到外面一点动静，就吓唬他：“再哭，大马猴来了！”这种暗示如果使用不当会使得儿童害怕黑暗中的任何声响，怕黑、怕一些动物。如果家长总以这种方式来吓唬儿童，慢慢地儿童即使长大了明知不应该再有这种恐惧情绪，也会控制不了自己，不自觉地对黑暗、对某物产生恐惧情绪。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri> 3 </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">）观察学习和模仿而习得的恐惧。儿童的恐惧很多是源于幼年时的观察与模仿而习得的，如儿童看到某个幼儿被玻璃划了一下，出血了，哭了，当把玻璃放到他跟前时，虽还没划到他，他也会哭起来。家长的榜样作用尤其重要，如害怕小猫的妈妈，其女儿很可能也会害怕小猫；害怕耗子的妈妈，其女儿很可能也害怕耗子。幼年时的这种恐惧行为如果一直被保持下来，久而久之，就会变成定势的恐惧情绪反应模式。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri> 4 </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">）经验得来的恐惧。这是一种比较复杂的恐惧，主要来源于儿童自身直接的体验。例如，儿童不小心被蛇咬了一口，以后一看到蛇甚至是像蛇形的绳子都会胆颤心惊；儿童曾失足落水，以后一见水就害怕，一到河边就心惊肉跳。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri>3 </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">．恐惧的防治</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">小学生恐惧的防治，关键在于教育：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri> 1 </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">）培养小学生乐观、开朗、坚定的良好性格。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face=Calibri> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">家长和老师应鼓励儿童多参加集体活动和体育活动，以及利用游戏的方式，让儿童逐渐去接近他们害怕的事物，以培养其坚毅勇敢的精神。扩大儿童的交往范围，让儿童多与外界事物接触，在与他人交流、接触中逐渐培养其乐观、开朗的性格。家长不应过分保护儿童，也不应勉强儿童做不愿或不敢做的事，应教给儿童有效的适应各种情境的各种方法，有意识地增强儿童的应变能力，使儿童在日常生活情境中能体验到适应性的轻松感，从而促进其自信心的树立。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri> 2 </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">）对小学生采取正确的教育方式。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face=Calibri> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">家长在家庭教育中，应采用讲道理、讲事实、讲科学的教育方法，决不要采用各种恐吓手段随便吓唬儿童。在与儿童交流时，不应使用过多、过于严厉的谴责和惩罚，这也会使儿童产生恐惧情绪。家长在日常生活中应注意自己的榜样作用，不应在儿童面前毫不避讳出示自己的恐惧反应。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri> 3 </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">）丰富小学生的知识、扩大其视野。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face=Calibri> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">很多恐惧是由于无知而产生的，所以家长应向儿童多做些浅显、科学的说明和解释，并多让儿童接触自然、社会，多让儿童参加一些有意义的实践活动或一些有趣的游戏活动，让儿童通过自己的实践经验来明白其中的道理，这样，一些不必要的恐惧也就自然而然地消除了。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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